|
 |
| CORRESPONDENCE |
|
| Year : 2012 | Volume
: 3
| Issue : 4 | Page : 348 |
|
|
Acetic acid induced painful endogenous infliction in writhing test on mice
Shivaji P Gawade
Satara College of Pharmacy, Satara, Shivaji University, Satara, Maharashtra, India
| Date of Web Publication | 24-Nov-2012 |
Correspondence Address:
Shivaji P Gawade
Professor in Pharmacology and Principal, Satara College of Pharmacy, Plot 1539, New additional MIDC, Degaon, Satara - 415 004, Maharashtra
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0976-500X.103699
How to cite this article:
Gawade SP. Acetic acid induced painful endogenous infliction in writhing test on mice. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2012;3:348 |
Sir,
Writhing test is a chemical method used to induce pain of peripheral origin by injection of irritant principles like phenylquinone, acetic acid in mice. Analgesic activity of the test compound is inferred from decrease in the frequency of writhings. The manifestations of abdominal writhings in mice were first described by Sigmund et al. [1] as an arching of back, extension of hind limbs and contraction of abdominal musculature. The writhing response is considered as a reflexive test and is without clinical counterparts as it cannot be performed in human and sensations involved are unknown. Further, authors pointed out that the writhing test produced severe pain in mice which raises ethical concern regarding its use. Stevens [2] has commented on the report of one pharmaceutical company, Warner -Lambert Research Institute, Morris Plains N.J. which company has conducted about 100 experiments on 5000 mice. 0.1 ml of phenylquinone was injected intraperitoneally to induce writhing and animals began stretching their abdomen in few minutes. He wrote that 'writhing, of course, means agony, a standard test that should not be tolerated in any civilized country'.
Writhings generated by parenteral administration of acetic acid in mice, are due to profound pain of endogenous nature which recur for a prolonged period of time. Due to irritant nature, these principles are also prone to induce lesions. Writhing is an overt response to the intense pain induced by irritant principles via nociceptors characterized by episodes of retraction of abdomen and stretching of hind limbs. The signals transmitted to central nervous system in response to pain due to irritation, cause release of mediators such as prostaglandins which contributes to the increased sensitivity to nociceptors. Writhing test was in practice for the evaluation of analgesic effect till 2004. However, the test was withdrawn from Sept. 2004, soon after implementation of report of ministry of environmental and forest, animal welfare division, Govt. of India. In CPCSEA report (2004), [3] it was stated that laboratory animals used for the experimentation should be properly used and pain and sufferings inflicted in animals should be avoided or minimized if avoidance is not possible. Scientists and investigators should proceed on the basis that experimental procedures that cause pain or sufferings in human beings will also cause similar pain or sufferings in animals.
Despite government's decision, number of scientific journals publish papers in which writhing test is employed. It is suggestive to kindly adhere to the government's notification of avoidance of tests causing longer lasting painful infliction and to perform in this context, triple analgesic test using thermal, mechanical and electrical methods in which animals are exposed to momentary pain or sufferings. The inferences drawn from these tests can be used to evaluate analgesic effect of new active principles.
 References | |  |
| 1. | Dannerman PJ. Monitoring of analgesia in anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals. In: Kohn DK, Sally K, Wixson B, White WJ, John G, editors. Ch. 6. USA: Academic Press; 1977. p. 83-99. 
|
| 2. | Stevens CG. Human Perspectives. In Future of animals, cells, models and systems in research, development, education and testing. Washington D.C.: Proceedings. of Symp. National Academy of Sciences; 1971. p. 16-24.
|
| 3. | CPCSEA report (principle 3, number 3) website. Available from: E nvfor.nic.in/divisions/wad/aw_consult_group.pdf. [Last accessed on 10/09/2004].
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Antinociceptive and sedative activity of
Vernonia patula
and predictive interactions of its phenolic compounds with the cannabinoid type 1 receptor
|
|
| Md Afjalus Siraj, Md Sariful Islam Howlader, Md Sohanur Rahaman, Jamil A. Shilpi, Veronique Seidel | | Phytotherapy Research. 2021; 35(2): 1069 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
P. domestica Extract Mediated Silver Nanoparticles and their Antinociceptive Activity for Pain Management in Children |
|
| Wenying Wang, Zhongde Lu, Huiru Yan | | Journal of Cluster Science. 2021; 32(1): 85 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Synthesis of Novel Esters of Mefenamic Acid with Pronounced Anti-nociceptive Effects and a Proposed Activity on GABA, Opioid and Glutamate Receptors |
|
| Rami Ayoub, Qais Jarrar, Dalia Ali, Said Moshawih, Yazun Jarrar, Muhammad Hakim, Zainul Zakaria | | European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021; 163: 105865 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
In vivo anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and in vitro antioxidant efficacy, and acute oral toxicity effects of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of Lonchocarpus eriocalyx (Harms.) |
|
| Gervason Apiri Moriasi, Anthony Muriithi Ireri, Elias Mandela Nelson, Mathew Piero Ngugi | | Heliyon. 2021; 7(5): e07145 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Investigation of antinociceptive, antipyretic, antiasthmatic, and spasmolytic activities of Brazilian Cannabis sativa L. roots in rodents |
|
| Pedro Modesto Nascimento Menezes, Tarcísio Cícero de Lima Araújo, Emanuella Chiara Valença Pereira, Janaine Almeida Neto, David Souza Silva, Mariana Coelho Brito, Kátia Simoni Bezerra Lima, Alane Pains Oliveira do Monte, Maria Helena Tavares de Matos, Ricardo Santana de Lima, Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro, Fabrício Souza Silva, Larissa Araújo Rolim | | Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021; 278: 114259 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Attenuation of nociceptive and paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain by targeting inflammatory, CGRP and substance P signaling using 3-Hydroxyflavone |
|
| Rahim Ullah, Gowhar Ali, Fazal Subhan, Muhammad Naveed, Ajmal Khan, Jawad Khan, Sobia Ahsan Halim, Nisar Ahmad, Zakiullah, Ahmed Al-Harrasi | | Neurochemistry International. 2021; 144: 104981 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Comparison of analgesic activities of aconitine in different mice pain models |
|
| Jianhua Deng, Jiada Han, Jiahao Chen, Yanmin Zhang, Qiuju Huang, Ying Wang, Xiaoxiao Qi, Zhongqiu Liu, Elaine Lai-Han Leung, Dawei Wang, Qian Feng, Linlin Lu, John M. Streicher | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(4): e0249276 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity
of the Ethanolic Extract Arial Parts of Calendula suffruticosa subsp. Suffruticosa Vahl |
|
| I. Sofiane, K. Azin, R. Seridi | | Phytothérapie. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Ethanolic Extracts of Adlay Testa and Hull and Their Active Biomolecules Exert Relaxing Effect on Uterine Muscle Contraction through Blocking Extracellular Calcium Influx in Ex Vivo and In Vivo Studies |
|
| Yun-Ju Huang, Yu-Chieh Chen, Hsin-Yuan Chen, Yi-Fen Chiang, Mohamed Ali, Wenchang Chiang, Cheng-Pei Chung, Shih-Min Hsia | | Biomolecules. 2021; 11(6): 887 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Evaluation of Antinociceptive Effects of Chitosan-Coated Liposomes Entrapping the Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist U50,488 in Mice |
|
| Liliana Mititelu Tartau, Maria Bogdan, Beatrice Rozalina Buca, Ana Maria Pauna, Cosmin Gabriel Tartau, Lorena Anda Dijmarescu, Eliza Gratiela Popa | | Medicina. 2021; 57(2): 138 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic, and Analgesic Properties of Potamogeton perfoliatus Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Study |
|
| Samar Rezq, Mona F. Mahmoud, Assem M. El-Shazly, Mohamed A. El Raey, Mansour Sobeh | | Molecules. 2021; 26(16): 4826 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory, and acute toxicity effects of Asparagus persicus essential oil in male mice |
|
| Ali reza fallahzadeh, Saeed Mohammadi | | Koomesh journal. 2021; 23(4): 474 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Synthesis of Novel Benzodifuranyl; 1,3,5-Triazines; 1,3,5-Oxadiazepines; and Thiazolopyrimidines Derived from Visnaginone and Khellinone as Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Agents |
|
| Ameen Ali Abu-Hashem, Sami A Al-Hussain, Magdi E. A. Zaki | | Molecules. 2020; 25(1): 220 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Antinociceptive effects of an ethanolic extract of Desmodium adscendens: possible involvement of opioidergic, adrenergic, potassium channels and serotoninergic pathways |
|
| Audrey S Bonsu, Patrick Amoateng, Kwasi A Bugyei, Jerry Asiedu-Larbi, Stephen Antwi, Akua A Asiedu-Ofei, Dorcas Osei-Safo, Kennedy KE Kukuia, Samuel B Kombian | | Health Sciences Investigations Journal. 2020; 1(2): 71 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Commiphora Extract Mixture Ameliorates Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis |
|
| Donghun Lee, Mi-Kyoung Ju, Hocheol Kim | | Nutrients. 2020; 12(5): 1477 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
The Inhibitory Effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Its Active Compound Oleocanthal on Prostaglandin-Induced Uterine Hypercontraction and Pain—Ex Vivo and In Vivo Study |
|
| Yi-Fen Chiang, Hui-Chih Hung, Hsin-Yuan Chen, Ko-Chieh Huang, Po-Han Lin, Jen-Yun Chang, Tsui-Chin Huang, Shih-Min Hsia | | Nutrients. 2020; 12(10): 3012 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Overview of Neurological Mechanism of Pain Profile Used for Animal “Pain-Like” Behavioral Study with Proposed Analgesic Pathways |
|
| Mun Fei Yam, Yean Chun Loh, Chuan Wei Oo, Rusliza Basir | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(12): 4355 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant, analgesic, and anthelmintic effect of ethanolic extract of Merremia umbellate stems |
|
| Mst Nazmun Nahar, Amit Kumar Acharzo, Md Sohanur Rahaman, Iffat Ara Zabeen, Shariful Haque, Md Amirul Islam | | Clinical Phytoscience. 2020; 6(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Acute Oral Toxicity and Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Aqueous and Methanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) |
|
| Ben Olela, James Mbaria, Timothy Wachira, Gervason Moriasi | | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesised from the Vernonia amygdalina shows the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in the mice model |
|
| Hairui Liu, Peipei Kang, Ying Liu, Yifan An, Yanting Hu, Xiyuan Jin, Xin Cao, Yunfei Qi, Thiyagarajan Ramesh, Xiao Wang | | Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology. 2020; 48(1): 1068 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Synthesis and biological screening of some novel 6-substituted 2-alkylpyridazin-3(2H)-ones as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents |
|
| Yasser M. Loksha, Mohammad M. Abd-Alhaseeb | | Archiv der Pharmazie. 2020; 353(3): 1900295 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Pharmacological evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of ethanolic extract of Indigofera argentea Burm. f. |
|
| Faraza Javed, Qaiser Jabeen, Naveed Aslam, Ambreen Mehmood Awan | | Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020; 259: 112966 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Antioxidant effects of lebanese Crocus sativus L. and its main components, crocin and safranal, on human skeletal muscle cells |
|
| Rim Nassar, Samar Eid, Ramez Chahine, Béatrice Chabi, Anne Bonnieu, Marwan El Sabban, Fadia Najjar, Aline Hamade | | European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2020; 40: 101250 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Antinociceptive effect and mechanism of supercritical carbon dioxide extract of Aloysia gratissima leaves in mice |
|
| Maryelen A. Souza, Jaqueline Scapinello, João G.G. Guzatti, Mikaela Scatolin, Rafael Martello, Monica S.Z. Schindler, Jean F.F. Calisto, Bianca Alves, Letícia V. Morgan, J. Vladimir Oliveira, Jacir Dal Magro, Liz G. Müller | | Biomedical Journal. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of Naringenin in different nociceptive and inflammatory mice models |
|
| Na Xue, Xianwei Wu, Li Wu, Lu Li, Fang Wang | | Life Sciences. 2019; 217: 148 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Analgesic, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Methanolic Extract of Euphorbia retusa in Mice |
|
| Jazia Sdayria,Ilhem Rjeibi,Anouar Feriani,Sana Ncib,Wided Bouguerra,Najla Hfaiedh,Abdelfattah Elfeki,Mohamed Salah Allagui | | Pain Research and Management. 2018; 2018: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Crude extract and fractions from Eugenia uniflora Linn leaves showed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities |
|
| Tamires Rocha Falcão,Aurigena Antunes de Araújo,Luiz Alberto Lira Soares,Rhayanne Thaís de Moraes Ramos,Isabelle Cristinne Ferraz Bezerra,Magda Rhayanny Assunção Ferreira,Manoel André de Souza Neto,Maria Celeste Nunes Melo,Raimundo Fernandes de Araújo,Andreza Conceição Véras de Aguiar Guerra,Juliana Silva de Medeiros,Gerlane Coelho Bernardo Guerra | | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018; 18(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Chemical structure and anti-inflammatory effect of polysaccharide extracted from Morinda citrifolia Linn (Noni) |
|
| Stefany Guimarães Sousa,Lorena Almeida Oliveira,Diva de Aguiar Magalhães,Tarcisio Vieira de Brito,Jalles Arruda Batista,Cynthia Maria Carvalho Pereira,Mariana de Souza Costa,José Carlos Raposo Mazulo,Marcelo de Carvalho Filgueiras,Daniel Fernando Pereira Vasconselos,Durcilene Alves da Silva,Francisco Clark Nogueira Barros,Venícios G. Sombra,Ana Lúcia Ponte Freitas,Regina Célia Monteiro de Paula,Judith Pessoa de Andrade Feitosa,André Luiz dos Reis Barbosa | | Carbohydrate Polymers. 2018; 197: 515 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Neuropharmacological effects of essential oil from the leaves of Croton conduplicatus Kunth and possible mechanisms of action involved |
|
| Raimundo Gonçalves de Oliveira Júnior,Christiane Adrielly Alves Ferraz,Juliane Cabral Silva,Roxana Braga de Andrade Teles,Mariana Gama Silva,Tâmara Coimbra Diniz,Uiliane Soares dos Santos,Ana Valéria Vieira de Souza,Carlos Eduardo Pereira Nunes,Marcos José Salvador,Vitor Prates Lorenzo,Lucindo José Quintans Júnior,Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida | | Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2018; 221: 65 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Passiflora cincinnata Mast. (Passifloraceae) reduces nociceptive and inflammatory events in mice |
|
| Érica Martins de Lavor,Ana Ediléia Barbosa Pereira Leal,Antônio Wilton Cavalcante Fernandes,Fernanda Pires Rodrigues de Almeida Ribeiro,Jackson de Menezes Barbosa,Mariana Gama e Silva,Roxana Braga de Andrade Teles,Layanne Feitosa da Silva Oliveira,Juliane Cabral Silva,Larissa Araújo Rolim,Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes,Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida | | Phytomedicine. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antipyretic Activities of Hydroethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Albizia glaberrima |
|
| Victoria Modupe Ogbiti,Abidemi James Akindele,Olufunmilayo Olaide Adeyemi | | Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 2017; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Comparative physicochemical, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity assay of synthesized chromium and nickel complexes of indomethacin |
|
| Abhijit Sukul,Sanjana Haque,Saikat Kumar Poddar,Md. Shahadat Hossain,Kumar Kulldeep Niloy,Sajal Kumar Saha,Youcef Mehellou | | Cogent Chemistry. 2017; 3(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Aversive responses by shore crabs to acetic acid but not to capsaicin |
|
| Robert W. Elwood,Natasha Dalton,Gillian Riddell | | Behavioural Processes. 2017; 140: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Anti-inflammatory, Anti-arthritic and Analgesic Effect of the Herbal Extract Made from Bacopa monnieriis, Cassia fistula and Phyllanthus polyphyllus |
|
| Won Ho Yoon,Keyong Ho Lee | | Natural Product Sciences. 2017; 23(2): 108 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
A multi-target therapeutic potential of Prunus domestica gum stabilized nanoparticles exhibited prospective anticancer, antibacterial, urease-inhibition, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. |
|
| Nazar Ul Islam,Raza Amin,Muhammad Shahid,Muhammad Amin,Sumera Zaib,Jamshed Iqbal | | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2017; 17(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Antinociceptive Effect of the Essential Oil from Croton conduplicatus Kunth (Euphorbiaceae) |
|
| Raimundo de Oliveira Júnior,Christiane Ferraz,Juliane Silva,Ana de Oliveira,Tâmara Diniz,Mariana e Silva,Lucindo Quintans Júnior,Ana de Souza,Uiliane dos Santos,Izabel Turatti,Norberto Lopes,Vitor Lorenzo,Jackson Almeida | | Molecules. 2017; 22(6): 900 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Reduction of Neurogenesis with Social Isolation Decreases Pain Sensitivity in Tail Flick Test in Male Rats |
|
| Hamidreza Famitafreshi,Morteza Karimian | | World Journal of Neuroscience. 2017; 07(02): 223 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Study of antinociceptive effects on acute pain treated by bioactive fractions of Hyptis suaveolens |
|
| Azmathunnisa Begum,Sama Venkatesh,Jaya Prakash Dodle | | Journal of Acute Disease. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Pharmacological evaluation of the aqueous stem bark extract of Bombax buonopozense in the relief of pain and fever |
|
| A D Essien,G A Essiet,G C Akuodor,J L Akpan,K C Chilaka,A L Bassey,B C Ezeokpo,N N Nwobodo | | African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2016; 10(5): 59 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Bioactive Polyphenols from the Methanol Extract ofCnicus arvensis(L.) Roth Demonstrated Antinociceptive and Central Nervous System Depressant Activities in Mice |
|
| Mahmudur Rahman,Amina Khatun,Mst. Luthfun Nesa,Hemayet Hossain,Ismet Ara Jahan | | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015; 2015: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
